Wastewater sludge processing / Izrail S. Turovskiy, P.K. Mathai.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

The processing of wastewater sludge for use or disposal has been a continuing challenge for municipal agencies. Yet, whensludge is properly processed, the resulting nutrient-rich product--biosolids--can be a valuable resource for agriculture and other uses. Wastewater Sludge Processing brings together a wide body of knowledge from the field to examine how to effectively process sludge to reap its benefits, yet protect public health. Presented in a format useful as both a reference for practicing environmental engineers and a textbook for graduatestudents, this book discusses unit operations used for processing sludge and the available methods for final disposition of the processed product. Topics discussed include sludge quantities and characteristics, thickening and dewatering, aerobicand anaerobic digestion, alkaline stabilization, composting, thermal drying and incineration, energy consumption, and the beneficial use of biosolids.

Cover CONTENTS Preface About the Authors 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 40 CFR Part 503 Regulation 1.2.1 General Provisions 1.2.2 Land Application 1.2.3 Surface Disposal 1.2.4 Pathogen and Vector Attraction Reduction 1.2.5 Incineration 2 Sludge Quantities and Characteristics 2.1 Types of Sludge 2.1.1 Primary Sludge 2.1.2 Secondary Sludge 2.1.3 Chemical Sludge 2.1.4 Other Wastewater Residuals 2.2 Sludge Quantity 2.2.1 Primary Sludge 2.2.2 Secondary Sludge 2.2.3 Activated Sludge 2.2.4 Attached Growth System Sludge 2.2.5 Chemical Sludge 2.3 Sludge Characteristics 2.3.1 Primary Sludge 2.3.2 Activated Sludge 2.3.3 Physical and Biological Properties 2.4 Mass Balance 3 Thickening and Dewatering 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Conditioning 3.2.1 Factors Affecting Conditioning 3.2.2 Chemical Conditioning 3.2.3 Other Conditioning Methods 3.3 Thickening 3.3.1 Gravity Thickening 3.3.2 Dissolved Air Flotation Thickening 3.3.3 Centrifugal Thickening 3.3.4 Gravity Belt Thickening 3.3.5 Rotary Drum Thickening 3.3.6 Miscellaneous Thickening Methods 3.4 Dewatering 3.4.1 Centrifugal Dewatering 3.4.2 Belt Filter Press 3.4.3 Pressure Filter Press 3.4.4 Drying Beds 3.4.5 Other Dewatering Methods 4 Aerobic Digestion 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Process Theory 4.2 Conventional Aerobic Digestion 4.2.1 Process Design Considerations 4.2.2 System Design Considerations 4.2.3 Operational Considerations 4.3 Process Variations 4.3.1 High-Purity Oxygen Digestion 4.3.2 Low-Temperature Aerobic Digestion 4.3.3 Dual Digestion 4.3.4 Mesophilic Aerobic Digestion 4.3.5 Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion 4.3.6 Technological Improvements 5 Anaerobic Digestion 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 5.1.2 Theory of Anaerobic Digestion 5.2 Environmental Factors 5.2.1 Solids and Hydraulic Retention Times 5.2.2 Temperature 5.2.3 pH and Alkalinity 5.2.4 Toxic Materials 5.3 Process Variations 5.3.1 Low-Rate Digestion 5.3.2 High-Rate Digestion 5.3.3 Thermophilic Digestion 5.3.4 Two-Stage Digestion 5.3.5 Two-Phase Digestion 5.4 Process Design 5.4.1 Per Capita Basis 5.4.2 Solids Loading 5.4.3 Solids Retention Time 5.4.4 Volatile Solids Reduction 5.4.5 Gas Production 5.5 System Component Design 5.5.1 Tank Design 5.5.2 Digester Covers 5.5.3 Mixing 5.5.4 Heating 5.5.5 Gas Usage 5.6 Operational Considerations 5.6.1 Reactor Performance 5.6.2 Odor Control 5.6.3 Supernatant 5.6.4 Struvite 5.6.5 Digester Cleaning 6 Alkaline Stabilization 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 6.1.2 Process Theory 6.2 Process Application 6.2.1 Liquid Lime Stabilization 6.2.2 Dry Lime Stabilization 6.2.3 Advanced Alkaline Stabilization Technologies 6.3 Process Design 6.3.1 Sludge Characteristics 6.3.2 Contact Time and pH 6.3.3 Lime Dosage 6.3.4 Alkaline Material Storage 6.3.5 Lime Feeding 6.3.6 Liquid Lime Mixing 6.3.7 Dry Lime Mixing 6.4 Process Performance 6.4.1 Odor Reduction 6.4.2 Pathogen reduction 6.4.3 Dewatering Characteristics 7 Composting 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Composting Process 7.1.2 Composting Methods 7.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composting 7.1.4 Zoological Characteristics of Compost 7.2 Process Description 7.2.1 Factors Influencing Composting 7.2.2 Windrow Process 7.2.3 Aerated Static Pile Process 7.2.4 In-Vessel Process 7.2.5 Design Considerations 7.3 Theoretical Aspects of Composting 7.4 New Technology in Composting 7.4.1 Organic Content 7.4.2 Odor 7.4.3 Temperature and Moisture 7.4.4 Composting Mixture 7.4.5 Composting Process Control 7.4.6 pH 7.5 Examples of Composting in Europe 7.6 Examples of Composting in the United States 8 Thermal Drying and Incineration 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Thermal Drying 8.2.1 Methods of Thermal Drying 8.2.2 Design Considerations 8.3 Incineration 8.3.1 Methods of Incineration 8.3.2 Design Considerations 9 Comparison of Energy Consumption 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Anaerobic Digestion 9.3 Incineration 9.4 Composting 9.5 Comparison of Thermal Drying and Composting 9.6 Conclusion 10 Beneficial Use of Biosolids 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Requirements for Beneficial Use 10.2.1 Pollutant Limits 10.2.2 Pathogen Reduction 10.2.3 Vector Attraction Reduction 10.2.4 Management Practices 10.2.5 Surface Disposal 10.3 Land Application 10.3.1 Site Evaluation and Selection 10.3.2 Design Application Rates 10.3.3 Application Methods 10.3.4 Application to Dedicated Lands 10.3.5 Conveyance and Storage of Biosolids 10.4 Beneficial Use of Biosolids in Russia 10.4.1 Pathogens 10.4.2 Heavy Metals.

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